Assuming we're talking SQL Server 2005 or better you can query sys.dm_db_index_usage_stats to see last_user_seek, last_user_scan, last_user_update, and last_user_lookup. That will give you an indication of when transactions occurred. Other than that, if you haven't set up transaction monitoring using something like extended events or queries against other dynamic management objects, there's no way to know what transactions occurred within a database.
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